E.U. citizens will need to apply to live and work in the United Kingdom.

He is one of millions of Europeans who have easily lived and worked between and among the 28 member states of the European Union, embracing one of the blocs pillars: freedom of movement.
But as Britain prepares to leave the E.U. this week and enter an 11-month transition period, free movement here is nearing an end.
How to mark Brexit Day? Boris Johnson is searching for the right tone.
For a generation, for more than four decades, Londoners have been able to pack off to Lisbon, Berliners to Birmingham, Mancunians to Milan. No paperwork, no visas, no job offer needed on the other side just buy a ticket and go.
Freedom of labor beside the free movement of goods, capital and services was one the biggest, boldest ideas of the 1957 Treaty of Rome. It was an audacious gambit that the people who had torn themselves to pieces in two world wars, who spoke dozens of languages, should be able to settle across a borderless continent.
Imagine free movement between Canada, the United States and Mexico, and you have something close.
But Brexit campaigners pushed the notion that Britain needed to take back control of its borders. Europeans, the Brexiteers claimed looking pointedly at the poorer countries on the eastern edge of the bloc took British jobs and strained British social services.
E.U. citizens will be able to continue to move here freely through the Brexit transition period, until at least December. But afterward, they will need to apply and will no longer get preference over applicants from other continents.
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson has talked up a points-based system, similar to Australias, that would draw the best and brightest. The number of low-skilled immigrants will be slashed.
In the meantime, E.U. citizens some of whom have called Britain home for decades must apply if they want to stay. If they dont register by June 2021, they will in effect be in the country illegally.
Wawrzyniak, the Polish chef, thinks this is deeply unfair. He has launched a petition calling for automatic settled status for all E.U. citizens and their family members already living in Britain. Advocates estimate there are about 3.6 million E.U. citizens in the United Kingdom, but add in non-E.U. dependents and that figure could be closer to 5 million.
Wawrzyniak, personally, will be okay. After a tweet of his went viral, officials made contact, admitted they made a mistake, and switched him from pre-settled status to settled status. But hes worried for others who dont have the same social media megaphone he does.
Johnsons government dismisses concerns. The Home Office immigration service, often viewed as a black hole of bureaucracy, has created a user-friendly mobile app to enable E.U. citizens to apply for settled status online and it has moved to give most applicants a quick answer.
So far, about 2.8 million people have applied. Of the 2.5 million who have received a decision, 58 percent were given settled status, and 41 percent were given pre-settled status, meaning they will have to reapply in five years. In all, only six have been outright refused on suitability grounds, mostly because of criminal records.
Another 300,000 are awaiting a decision.
Brandon Lewis, a Home Office minister, wrote in the Times of London that the government was providing certainty to millions across the country so they can evidence their rights in decades to come.
Luke Piper, an immigration lawyer who advises advocates for E.U. citizen rights, agreed the project was seismic it is very impressive, what they have managed to achieve so far. But he cautioned that even if just 5 percent of the E.U. citizens fall through the cracks, that would amount to more than 100,000 people.
One looming question is what happens to those who miss the deadline.
Lewis told a German newspaper last fall that those who didnt apply for residency would be at risk of being sent back home. He has since softened his stance, telling the BBC that police officers knocking on doors and deporting E.U. citizens is not what were about. The government says that if someone has reasonable grounds for missing the deadline, theyll be given another chance to apply.
But even if Britains Home Office doesnt actively deport people, its been known to promote an intentionally hostile environment. A policy introduced in 2012 effectively made doctors, teachers, employers and even landlords into immigration enforcement officers, obliging them to check peoples status.
Postwar Britain welcomed these workers. Brexit Britain wants proof they belong.
A byproduct was the Windrush scandal. Windrush families came to Britain legally from Commonwealth countries in the Caribbean. They were subjects of the crown, invited by the British government to help rebuild after World War II. But when Britain tightened its immigration rules and increased documentation requirements, some were denied health care and lost their jobs and homes because they were unable to prove their status. A handful were even deported.
Robert Ford, a political science professor at the University of Manchester, said the situation for E.U. citizens in Britain who dont register by the cutoff date could amount to Windrush plus, plus, plus, plus.
Advocates are especially concerned for the very old, the young, the infirm, people with complicated lives and people whose documents are misplaced. Might landlords refuse to rent to them? Might they been denied coverage by the National Health Service?
If you are an E.U. citizen with breast cancer and have to suddenly pay 40,000 pounds for treatment, the fact that youre also not going to be chucked out of the country is not really a response to the problem, Ford said.
This is months down the road. But even now, E.U. citizens are anxious.
Elena Remigi, 51, has been collecting testimonials. Remigi moved from Italy to Ireland to Britain and said that, for many like her, there is a sense of betrayal that the rules we based our lives on are taken away.
The same sentiment is felt among some of the 1.4 million Britons living in Europe.
People such as Carole-Anne Richards, 53, who has lived in Italy for 15 years and travels extensively through Europe for her work as a consultant.
Speaking on a drizzly day at a rally in London, Richards noted that, after Brexit, she wont be an E.U. citizen living in Italy, but rather a third-country national, with implications for her work and personal life. I will have difficulties doing my job because I no longer have freedom of movement, she said.
Anna Amato, 57, was just 18 months old when she moved from Italy to Bristol, England, her home ever since. She has a British husband, two British children and has worked in several jobs, including as a medical secretary at a hospital.
In 2017, after the Brexit referendum, she decided to get British citizenship, which she thought would be a formality. She was told by officials to instead apply first for permanent residency, which she was denied on the grounds that she didnt provide enough evidence to prove her status.
Although Home Office officials said they have been in touch with Amato, she has not tried to apply again under the settled-status system introduced last year. What if I am denied again? I dont trust the system and Im not going to apply for less rights than I have now, she said.
She said she felt humiliated by the whole ordeal. I am now questioning: Who am I? I always felt like I belonged. I have always felt British; I am proud to be British. But now, theyre telling me, We dont want you, she said. When people say to me, Go back, where do I go back to?
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Todays coverage from Post correspondents around the world
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